Gene duplication and loss in a MADS box gene transcription factor circuit.

Although many models have been proposed that could lead to the maintenance of gene duplicates, the ways in which interacting gene duplicates influence each other's evolution and function remain poorly understood. Here, we focus on duplication and loss of the B class MADS box transcription factor genes in the euasterids I and the ramifications of such changes on paralog evolution and their encoded functions. In core eudicots, the B class genes belong to two paralogous lineages whose products form obligate heterodimers. Based on comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses, we show that five stepwise B class MADS box gene gain or loss events occurred during the radiation of the euasterids I within core eudicots. Gene loss in one sublineage was correlated with a deficit of other sublineage genes. We also show that the gain or loss of B class MADS box gene paralogs were associated with altered protein-protein interactions among the remaining copies. These altered protein interactions were correlated with asymmetric patterns of sequence diversification and selection, suggesting that compensatory changes were driving the evolution of such genes. Furthermore, these B class MADS box gene gain or loss events were associated with the evolutionary divergence of floral morphology in the euasterids I. Together, these observations point to a cooperative strategy by which gene networks evolve, with selection maintaining the overall logic of a network despite changes in individual components.