Department of Internal Medicine, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5300, USA.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;7(1):113-39. doi: 10.1007/s11481-011-9288-1. Epub 2011 Jul 5.
Methamphetamine (METH) is a frequent drug of abuse in U.S. populations and commonly associated with psychosis. This may be a factor in frequent criminal justice referrals and lengthy treatment required by METH users. Persecutory delusions and auditory hallucinations are the most consistent symptoms of METH-associated psychosis (MAP). MAP has largely been studied in Asian populations and risk factors have varied across studies. Duration, frequency and amount of use as well as sexual abuse, family history, other substance use, and co-occurring personality and mood disorders are risk factors for MAP. MAP may be unique with its long duration of psychosis and recurrence without relapse to METH. Seven candidate genes have been identified that may be associated with MAP. Six of these genes are also associated with susceptibility, symptoms, or treatment of schizophrenia and most are linked to glutamatergic neurotransmission. Animal studies of pre-pulse inhibition, attenuation of social interaction, and stereotypy and alterations in locomotion are used to study MAP in rodents. Employing various models, rodent studies have identified neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes associated with METH use. Throughout this review, we identify key gaps in our understanding of MAP and suggest potential directions for future research.
甲基苯丙胺（METH）是美国人群中常见的滥用药物，通常与精神病有关。这可能是 METH 用户经常被转介到刑事司法系统和需要接受长时间治疗的一个因素。迫害妄想和幻听是与 METH 相关的精神病（MAP）最常见的症状。MAP 主要在亚洲人群中进行了研究，不同的研究有不同的风险因素。使用的持续时间、频率和数量，以及性虐待、家族史、其他物质使用，以及同时存在的人格和情绪障碍，都是 MAP 的风险因素。MAP 可能具有独特的特点，即精神病持续时间长，且不会因 METH 复发而复发。已经确定了七个可能与 MAP 相关的候选基因。其中六个基因也与精神分裂症的易感性、症状或治疗有关，大多数与谷氨酸能神经传递有关。动物研究中的预脉冲抑制、社交互动减弱、刻板行为和运动行为改变，用于在啮齿动物中研究 MAP。通过各种模型，啮齿动物研究已经确定了与 METH 使用相关的神经解剖学和神经化学变化。在整篇综述中，我们确定了对 MAP 理解的关键差距，并提出了未来研究的潜在方向。
