Department of Urology, Western General Hospital , Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
J Endourol. 2011 Aug;25(8):1377-83. doi: 10.1089/end.2011.0060. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
To design a training phantom to allow trainees to demonstrate and practice the key steps of a laparoscopic nephrectomy, while demonstrating the anatomical landmarks, together with correct instrumentation and safe ergonomic layout.
Calves, prepared according to the strict standards of the meat industry, were purchased from a local abattoir. The skinned torso of a 30-kg calf was prepared by opening the abdomen and removing most of the ribs and the pelvis to create a larger working space. The small intestine and the majority of the large intestine were removed, leaving 30 cm of ascending colon, the liver, and spleen as internal landmarks and placed inside a standard laparoscopic abdominal trainer. This model was then used as part of a structured training course.
From April 2005 to April 2010, 104 urologists have worked on this phantom. Evaluation forms were completed by these participants, and analysis of the feedback shows all attendees found the model to be very realistic in terms of anatomical conditions, tissue color and consistency, and organ tactility, compared with human nephrectomy (average score of 4.8 on a Likert scale of 1 (unrealistic/poor) to 5 (realistic/useful)). Participants found the model useful for developing dissection techniques, electrosurgery, coagulation, and suturing skills.
This model can be easily established and is valuable as part of a multimodal training program for laparoscopy.
设计一种培训模型，使学员能够展示和练习腹腔镜肾切除术的关键步骤，同时演示解剖标志，以及正确的器械使用和安全的人体工程学布局。
从当地屠宰场购买经过严格肉类工业标准处理的小牛。通过打开腹部并移除大部分肋骨和骨盆来制备去皮的 30 公斤小牛躯干，以创造更大的工作空间。移除小肠和大部分大肠，留下 30cm 的升结肠、肝脏和脾脏作为内部标志，并将其放置在标准腹腔镜腹部训练器内。然后将该模型用作结构化培训课程的一部分。
从 2005 年 4 月到 2010 年 4 月，104 名泌尿科医生使用了这个模型。参与者填写了评估表，对反馈的分析表明，与人类肾切除术相比，所有参与者都认为该模型在解剖条件、组织颜色和一致性以及器官触感方面非常逼真（李克特量表上的平均得分为 4.8，范围为 1（不真实/差）到 5（真实/有用））。参与者发现该模型有助于发展解剖技术、电外科、凝血和缝合技能。
这种模型易于建立，是腹腔镜多模式培训计划的有价值组成部分。
