no child left behind encodes a novel chromatin factor required for germline stem cell maintenance in males but not females.

Male and female germ cells follow distinct developmental paths with respect to germline stem cell (GSC) production and the types of differentiated progeny they produce (sperm versus egg). An essential aspect of germline development is how sexual identity is used to differentially regulate the male and female germ cell genomes to allow for these distinct outcomes. Here, we identify a gene, no child left behind (nclb), that plays very different roles in the male versus female germline in Drosophila. In particular, nclb is required for GSC maintenance in males, but not in females. Male GSCs mutant for nclb are rapidly lost from the niche, and begin to differentiate but cannot complete spermatogenesis. We further find that nclb encodes a member of a new family of conserved chromatin-associated proteins. NCLB interacts with chromatin in a specific manner and is associated with sites of active transcription. Thus, NCLB appears to be a novel chromatin regulator that exhibits very different effects on the male and female germ cell genomes.