Center for Society and Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2012 Apr;74(4):299-314. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20971. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
The frequency of anointing bouts and the materials used for self- and social anointing vary across capuchin species in captivity, but there is little published data on capuchin anointing in the wild. Here we present previously unpublished data on anointing behaviors from capuchin monkey populations at ten different field sites and incorporate these data into a review of the anointing literature for captive and wild capuchins. Using a comparative phylogenetic framework, we test four hypotheses derived primarily from captive literature for variation in anointing between wild untufted capuchins (Cebus) and tufted capuchins (Sapajus), including that (1) the frequency of anointing is higher in Cebus, (2) Cebus uses a higher proportion of plant species to insect species for anointing compared with Sapajus, (3) anointing material diversity is higher in Cebus, and (4) social indices of anointing are higher in Cebus. We found that wild Cebus anoints more with plant parts, including fruits, whereas wild Sapajus anoints more with ants and other arthropods. Cebus capucinus in particular uses more plant species per site for anointing compared with other capuchins and may specialize in anointing as an activity independent from foraging, whereas most other capuchin species tend to eat the substances they use for anointing. In agreement with captive studies, we found evidence that wild Cebus anoints at a significantly higher frequency than Sapajus. However, contrary to the captive literature, we found no difference in the range of sociality for anointing between Cebus and Sapajus in the wild. We review anointing in the context of other Neotropical primate rubbing behaviors and consider the evidence for anointing as self-medication; as a mechanism for enhanced sociality; and as a behavioral response to chemical stimuli.
给油行为的频率以及自我和社交给油所使用的材料因圈养条件下的不同卷尾猴物种而有所不同，但关于野生卷尾猴给油行为的已发表数据很少。在这里，我们提供了来自十个不同野外地点的卷尾猴种群的给油行为的未发表数据，并将这些数据纳入了对圈养和野生卷尾猴给油文献的综述中。我们使用比较系统发育框架，根据主要来自圈养文献的四个假说，检验了野生无冠卷尾猴（Cebus）和冠毛卷尾猴（Sapajus）之间给油行为的变化，包括：（1）无冠卷尾猴的给油频率更高，（2）与冠毛卷尾猴相比，无冠卷尾猴用于给油的植物种类比例更高，而用于给油的昆虫种类比例更低，（3）无冠卷尾猴的给油材料多样性更高，以及（4）无冠卷尾猴的给油社交指数更高。我们发现，野生无冠卷尾猴更多地使用植物部分，包括水果，进行给油，而野生冠毛卷尾猴更多地使用蚂蚁和其他节肢动物进行给油。特别是无冠卷尾猴 C. capucinus 与其他卷尾猴相比，每处栖息地用于给油的植物种类更多，而且可能将给油作为一种独立于觅食的活动专门化，而其他大多数卷尾猴物种往往会吃掉用于给油的物质。与圈养研究一致，我们发现有证据表明，野生无冠卷尾猴的给油频率明显高于冠毛卷尾猴。然而，与圈养文献相反，我们发现野生无冠卷尾猴和冠毛卷尾猴的给油社交范围没有差异。我们在其他新热带灵长类动物摩擦行为的背景下审查了给油行为，并考虑了将给油作为自我治疗的证据；作为增强社交性的机制；以及作为对化学刺激的行为反应。
