Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9177, USA.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;4(3-4):315-21. doi: 10.1016/s1382-6689(97)10030-8.
There are numerous examples, of both the identical and different effects of animals exposure to toxic agents, which can be compared in both, exposed prenatal/neonatal animals and exposed adults. In some instances, although the chemical and its metabolites are stored for long periods in adipose tissue, adult exposure (short of acute poisoning) has little effect on the immune system (Johnson et al., 1986. An immunotoxicological evaluation of gamma-chlordane. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6, 317-326), while exposure during gestation results in immunoteratology (Barnett, 1996. Developmental immunotoxicology. In: Smialowicz, R.J., Holsapple, M.P. (Eds.), Experimental Immunotoxicology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.47-62). With the heavily studied dioxins, both prenatal as well as adult exposure causes immunotoxicity, however, the effects are not always the same. Attempts to confirm these observations in humans have been hampered by a multitude of problems that are directly related to the exposure paradigm, such as lack of accurate exposure data, varying lengths of exposure, etc. as well as many variables that are simply related to differences in genetic makeup, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, etc. that are part of the human populations. A few studies have noted important trends in immune status that are correlated with levels of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon exposures, however, even these fail to provide unequivocal answers regarding the relative risk of prenatal exposure.
有许多例子表明，动物接触有毒物质会产生相同和不同的影响，这些影响可以在暴露于产前/新生儿期的动物和暴露于成年期的动物中进行比较。在某些情况下，尽管化学物质及其代谢物在脂肪组织中储存很长时间，但成年期暴露（急性中毒除外）对免疫系统几乎没有影响（Johnson 等人，1986 年。γ-氯丹的免疫毒理学评价。基础应用毒理学 6，317-326），而妊娠期暴露则会导致免疫致畸（Barnett，1996 年。发育免疫毒理学。在 Smialowicz，R.J.，Holsapple，M.P.（编辑），实验免疫毒理学，CRC 出版社，博卡拉顿，佛罗里达州，第 47-62 页）。对于研究较多的二恶英，产前和成年期暴露都会导致免疫毒性，但影响并不总是相同。试图在人类中证实这些观察结果受到许多问题的阻碍，这些问题直接与暴露模式有关，例如缺乏准确的暴露数据、暴露时间长短等，以及与遗传构成、生活方式、社会经济地位等差异相关的许多变量，这些都是人类群体的一部分。一些研究注意到与卤代芳烃暴露水平相关的免疫状况的重要趋势，但即使这些研究也未能提供关于产前暴露的相对风险的明确答案。
