Experimental investigation on reversal of secondary Bjerknes force between two bubbles in ultrasonic standing wave.

The direction of the secondary Bjerknes force between a free bubble and an attached bubble was experimentally investigated. The behavior of the two bubbles in an ultrasonic standing wave of 27 kHz was observed using an imaging system with a high-speed video camera. It was demonstrated experimentally that the direction of the force reversed at a specific separation distance between the two bubbles, which was defined as the threshold distance. The threshold distance changed with the radius of the attached bubble. In addition, a theoretical calculation was performed using a previously derived model that coupled the vibrations of two free bubbles [Ida, Phys. Lett. A 297, 210-217 (2002)]. The experiment data for the threshold distance qualitatively agreed with the theoretical predictions, except when the separation distance was very small. Then, it was discovered that the free bubble became trapped near the attached bubble when the separation distance between the two bubbles was very small. This indicated that a stable equilibrium point for the separation distance exists that cannot be predicted by the theoretical model.