[Namesakes or relatives? Approaches to investigating the relationship between Y chromosomal haplogroups and surnames].

Population genetics successfully applies surnames as quasi-genetic markers when estimating similarity between populations and calculating a measure of random inbreeding. These calculations are based on an isonomy coefficient which assumes that every surname is monophyletic: that it originated from single common ancestor and all namesakes are therefore relatives. On the other hand, there is a general opinion that a typical Russian surname is polyphyletic: it originated multiple times and most namesakes are therefore not related to each other. Combined studies of Y chromosomes and surnames now allow us to address this issue. In this study, we discuss approaches for statistical evaluation of Y chromosomal haplogroup frequencies in groups of people bearing the same surname (namesakes). We propose an 'Index of Accumulated Haplogroup Frequency', which allows for errors due to random (artifactual) effects increasing a haplogroup frequency in a group of namesakes by subtracting the population frequency of this haplogroup. This population frequency is calculated as the weighted average of the frequencies of this haplogroup in the populations that the carriers of this surname come from. Fom the total sample (comprising 1244 persons from 13 populations of the historical Russian area) we chose 123 persons carrying 14 surnames which were the most frequent in the total sample. Haplogroup frequencies in these 14 "surname" groups were compared with the respective 14 "population" control groups compiled from the total sample as described above. We found that even these widespread surnames exhibit non-random accumulation of specific Y chromosomal haplogroups. More detailed analyses of the relationships between namesakes could be carried out using Y-STR haplotypes rather than Y-SNP haplogroups, and will be the subject of a future study.