Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
EMBO J. 2011 Jul 29;30(16):3368-82. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.238.
RAD52 protein has an important role in homology-directed DNA repair by mediating RAD51 nucleoprotein filament formation on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) protected by replication protein-A (RPA) and annealing of RPA-coated ssDNA. In human, cellular response to DNA damage includes phosphorylation of RAD52 by c-ABL kinase at tyrosine 104. To address how this phosphorylation modulates RAD52 function, we used an amber suppressor technology to substitute tyrosine 104 with chemically stable phosphotyrosine analogue (p-Carboxymethyl-L-phenylalanine, pCMF). The RAD52(Y104pCMF) retained ssDNA-binding activity characteristic of unmodified RAD52 but showed lower affinity for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding. Single-molecule analyses revealed that RAD52(Y104pCMF) specifically targets and wraps ssDNA. While RAD52(Y104pCMF) is confined to ssDNA region, unmodified RAD52 readily diffuses into dsDNA region. The Y104pCMF substitution also increased the ssDNA annealing rate and allowed overcoming the inhibitory effect of dsDNA. We propose that phosphorylation at Y104 enhances ssDNA annealing activity of RAD52 by attenuating dsDNA binding. Implications of phosphorylation-mediated activation of RAD52 annealing activity are discussed.
RAD52 蛋白在同源定向 DNA 修复中具有重要作用,通过介导 RAD51 核蛋白丝在复制蛋白 A(RPA)保护的单链 DNA(ssDNA)上形成,并退火 RPA 包裹的 ssDNA。在人类中,细胞对 DNA 损伤的反应包括 c-ABL 激酶在酪氨酸 104 处对 RAD52 的磷酸化。为了解决这种磷酸化如何调节 RAD52 功能,我们使用琥珀色抑制技术将酪氨酸 104 用化学稳定的磷酸酪氨酸类似物(p-羧甲基-L-苯丙氨酸,pCMF)取代。RAD52(Y104pCMF)保留了未修饰的 RAD52 特有的 ssDNA 结合活性,但对双链 DNA(dsDNA)结合的亲和力较低。单分子分析显示 RAD52(Y104pCMF)特异性靶向并包裹 ssDNA。虽然 RAD52(Y104pCMF)局限于 ssDNA 区域,但未修饰的 RAD52 很容易扩散到 dsDNA 区域。Y104pCMF 取代还增加了 ssDNA 退火速率,并允许克服 dsDNA 的抑制作用。我们提出,Y104 处的磷酸化通过减弱 dsDNA 结合来增强 RAD52 的 ssDNA 退火活性。讨论了磷酸化介导的 RAD52 退火活性激活的意义。