División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011 Nov;61(2):521-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.011. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
The unparalleled avian diversity of the Neotropics has long been argued to be in large part the evolutionary consequence of the incredible habitat diversity and rugged topography of the Andes mountains. Various scenarios have been proposed to explain how the Andean context could have generated lineage diversification (e.g. vicariant speciation or parapatric speciation across vertical ecological gradients), yet further study on Andean taxa is needed to reveal the relative importance of the different processes. Here we use mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to derive the first phylogenetic hypothesis for Phrygilus (Sierra-Finches), one of the most species-rich genera of mainly Andean passerines. We find strong evidence that the genus is polyphyletic, comprising four distantly related clades with at least nine other genera interspersed between them (Acanthidops, Catamenia, Diglossa, Haplospiza, Idiopsar, Melanodera, Rowettia, Sicalis and Xenodacnis). These four Phrygilus clades coincide with groups previously established mainly on the basis of plumage characters, suggesting single evolutionary origins for each of these. We consider the history of diversification of each clade, analyzing the timing of splitting events, ancestral reconstruction of altitudinal ranges and current geographical distributions. Phrygilus species origins date mainly to the Pleistocene, with representatives diversifying within, out of, and into the Andes. Finally, we explored whether Phrygilus species, especially those with broad altitudinal and latitudinal Andean distributions, showed phylogeographic structure. Our best-sampled taxon (Phrygilus fruticeti) exhibited no clear pattern; however, we found deep genetic splits within other surveyed species, with Phrygilus unicolor being the most extreme case and deserving of further research.
新热带地区无与伦比的鸟类多样性长期以来一直被认为在很大程度上是安第斯山脉令人难以置信的栖息地多样性和崎岖地形的进化结果。已经提出了各种情景来解释安第斯背景如何产生谱系多样化（例如，通过地理隔离或垂直生态梯度的邻域分化产生分歧），但需要对安第斯分类群进行进一步研究，以揭示不同过程的相对重要性。在这里，我们使用线粒体和核 DNA 序列为 Phrygilus（Sierra-Finches，主要是安第斯雀形目鸟类中物种最丰富的属之一）得出第一个系统发育假设。我们有强有力的证据表明该属是多系的，由四个远缘分支组成，其中至少有九个其他属散布在它们之间（Acanthidops、Catamenia、Diglossa、Haplospiza、Idiopsar、Melanodera、Rowettia、Sicalis 和 Xenodacnis）。这四个 Phrygilus 分支与以前主要基于羽毛特征建立的组相吻合，表明这些组中的每一个都有单一的进化起源。我们考虑了每个分支的多样化历史，分析了分裂事件的时间、海拔范围的祖先重建和当前的地理分布。Phrygilus 物种的起源主要可以追溯到更新世，代表着在安第斯山脉内外以及进入安第斯山脉的多样化。最后，我们探讨了 Phrygilus 物种，特别是那些具有广泛的安第斯海拔和纬度分布的物种，是否表现出系统地理学结构。我们采样最多的分类群（Phrygilus fruticeti）没有表现出明显的模式；然而，我们在其他调查物种中发现了深刻的遗传分裂，Phrygilus unicolor 是最极端的情况，值得进一步研究。
