Imbalanced superfluid state in an annular disk.

The imbalanced superfluid state of spin- 1/2 fermions with s-wave pairing is numerically studied by solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation at zero temperature in an annular disk geometry with narrow radial width. Two distinct types of systems are considered. The first case may be relevant to heavy fermion superconductors, where magnetic field causes spin imbalance via Zeeman interaction and the system is studied in a grand canonical ensemble. As the magnetic field increases, the system is transformed from the uniform superfluid state to the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state, and finally to the spin polarized normal state. The second case may be relevant to cold fermionic systems, where the number of fermions of each species is fixed as in a canonical ensemble. In this case, the ground state depends on the pairing strength. For weak pairing, the order parameter exhibits a periodic domain wall lattice pattern with a localized spin distribution at low spin imbalance, and a sinusoidally modulated pattern with extended spin distribution at high spin imbalance. For strong pairing, the phase separation between the superfluid state and polarized normal state is found to be preferable, while the increase of spin imbalance simply changes the ratio between them.