Pyrene-based organic dyes with thiophene containing π-linkers for dye-sensitized solar cells: optical, electrochemical and theoretical investigations.

A new series of metal-free organic dyes containing pyrene and α-cyanoacrylic acid end groups and thiophene, bithiophene, thienylbenzene or thienylfluorene π-linkers were synthesized and characterized by absorption, emission and electrochemical measurements. Time-dependent density functional theoretical calculations were also performed to unravel the nature of the absorption induced electronic excitations. Extension of conjugation in the π-linker by the incorporation of phenyl or fluorene was found to enhance the molar extinction coefficient while the use of thiophene red-shifted the absorption. The longer wavelength absorption peaks found for the dyes were attributed to π-π* transition with a contribution from the charge transfer transition which becomes prominent for the bithiophene bridged derivative. The bithiophene containing dye showed moderate overall light-to-electron conversion efficiency attributable to the favorable absorption and redox properties originating due to the presence of a bithiophene segment. The trends observed for the various dyes in the device performance were rationalized by electron-impedance spectroscopy measurements.