Löwy Ilana
CERMES (INSERM, CNRS, EHESS), 7 rue Guy Moquet, 94801 Vuillejuif cedex, France.
Br J Hist Sci. 2011 Jun;44(161 Pt 2):245-74. doi: 10.1017/s0007087410000762.
The history of contraceptives met the history of drugs long before the invention of the contraceptive pill. In the first half of the twentieth century, numerous pharmaceutical laboratories, including major ones, manufactured and marketed chemical contraceptives: jellies, suppositories, creams, powders and foams applied locally to prevent conception. Efforts to put an end to the marginal status of these products and to transform them into 'ethical' drugs played an important role in the development of standardized laboratory tests of efficacy of contraceptive preparations; debates on the validity of such tests; evaluation of the long-term toxicity of chemical compounds; and the rise of collaborations between activists, non-profit organizations and the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical contraceptives were initially associated with quack medicine, shady commercial practices and doubtful morality. Striving to change the status of contraceptives and to promote safe and efficient products that reduced fertility in humans shaped some of the key features of the present-day production and regulation of pharmaceuticals.
在避孕药发明之前很久，避孕药的历史就与药物的历史交织在一起了。在20世纪上半叶，众多制药实验室，包括一些大型实验室，生产并销售化学避孕药：用于局部使用以防止受孕的凝胶、栓剂、乳膏、药粉和泡沫剂。努力终结这些产品的边缘地位并将它们转变为“正规”药物，在避孕药制剂疗效标准化实验室测试的发展、关于此类测试有效性的辩论、化合物长期毒性评估以及维权人士、非营利组织与制药行业之间合作的兴起等方面发挥了重要作用。化学避孕药最初与庸医医术、不正当商业行为以及可疑的道德观念联系在一起。努力改变避孕药的地位并推广能降低人类生育率的安全高效产品，塑造了当今药品生产和监管的一些关键特征。
