Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Water Sci Technol. 2011;63(9):1832-40. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.387.
The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen depletion, odour emission, hydrophobic soil phenomena, plant toxicity, blockage of piping systems and microbiological health risks are common problems associated with greywater without previous treatment. Organic by-products such as wood chips, bark, peat, wheat straw and corncob may be used as carrier material in so-called mulch filters for treating wastewater and greywater from different sources. A down-flow-mode vertical filter is a common setup used in mulch filters. Wastewaters with a wide range of SS, cBOD5 and COD fed into different mulch filters have been studied. The different mulch materials achieved SS removal ranging between 51 and 91%, a BOD5 reduction range of 55-99.9%, and COD removal of 51-98%. Most types of mulches achieved a higher organic matter removal than that achieved by an ordinary septic tank. Bark, peat and wood chips filters removed organic matter better than sand and trickling filters, under similar conditions. Release of filter material and increase in COD in the effluent was reported using some mulch materials. In conclusion, some mulch materials such as bark, peat and woodchips seem to have a great potential for treatment of greywater in robust, low-tech systems. They can be expected to be resilient in dealing with variable low and high organic loads and shock loads.
（i）评估在农村社区产生的灰水对土壤、植物和公共健康的影响，重点是评估约旦的情况，并评估在将灰水用于灌溉之前对其进行处理的必要性，以及（ii）评估不同类型的有机副产品作为不同过滤单元中去除灰水中污染物的载体材料的潜力。在约旦农村地区，通常发现 BOD5、COD 高、SS 浓度高、脂肪、油和油脂以及表面活性剂含量高的灰水。未经预处理的灰水通常会导致缺氧、气味排放、疏水性土壤现象、植物毒性、管道系统堵塞和微生物健康风险等问题。木屑、树皮、泥炭、麦秸和玉米芯等有机副产品可用作所谓的覆盖过滤器中的载体材料，用于处理来自不同来源的废水和灰水。下流式垂直过滤器是覆盖过滤器中常用的设置。已研究了不同 SS、cBOD5 和 COD 的废水进入不同覆盖过滤器的情况。不同的覆盖材料实现了 SS 去除率在 51%至 91%之间，BOD5 减少率在 55%-99.9%之间，COD 去除率在 51%-98%之间。大多数类型的覆盖物比普通化粪池去除更多的有机物。在类似条件下，与沙滤和滴滤器相比，树皮、泥炭和木屑过滤器对有机物的去除效果更好。一些覆盖物的报告显示，过滤材料的释放和出水 COD 的增加。总之，一些覆盖物材料，如树皮、泥炭和木屑，似乎在坚固、低技术系统中处理灰水方面具有很大的潜力。它们可以预期在处理可变的低有机负荷和冲击负荷方面具有弹性。
