Ernberg I T
Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Acta Oncol. 1990;29(3):331-4. doi: 10.3109/02841869009090009.
Five oncogenes have been implied as having a role in human breast tumorigenesis: int-2, c-erbB-2 (HER-2), c-myc, c-Ha-ras and the recessive Rb-1. As far as the function and biochemistry of these oncogenes have been studied, they act at different levels and have totally different functions in the cells. They are normally cellular genes, likely to have important functions in normal cell growth or differentiation. In the tumors their regulation or function is altered, due to a wide class of mutations. The oncogenes may cooperate to result in the malignant cell phenotype. However, different oncogenes are mutated in different tumors, so that the tumors show a variable pattern at the molecular level, underlining the individuality of these tumors already described as differences in histopathology, hormone receptor expression and clinical course. The main importance of the oncogene studies is still to reveal basic pathogenetic mechanisms. When appropriate it is important to test diagnostic or prognostic significance of the oncogene mutations.
int-2、c-erbB-2（HER-2）、c-myc、c-Ha-ras和隐性的Rb-1。就这些致癌基因的功能和生物化学特性进行的研究而言，它们在细胞中作用于不同水平且功能完全不同。它们通常是细胞基因，可能在正常细胞生长或分化中具有重要功能。在肿瘤中，由于大量的突变，它们的调控或功能发生改变。致癌基因可能协同作用导致恶性细胞表型。然而，不同的致癌基因在不同肿瘤中发生突变，因此肿瘤在分子水平上呈现出可变模式，这突出了这些肿瘤在组织病理学、激素受体表达和临床病程方面已被描述的差异所体现的个体性。致癌基因研究的主要重要性仍然在于揭示基本的致病机制。在适当的时候，检测致癌基因突变的诊断或预后意义很重要。
