Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
Stem Cells. 2012 Jan;30(1):28-32. doi: 10.1002/stem.742.
Since the seminal discovery by Yamanaka et al. demonstrating that four transcription factors were capable of inducing nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state, a plethora of publications have followed aimed at improving the efficiency, simplicity, and safety of the original methodology that was based on the use of integrating retroviruses. A better understanding of the basic mechanisms behind reprogramming as well as an improvement in tissue culture conditions have allowed for the development of new tools based on different molecular approaches, such as excisable and nonintegrating vectors, RNA, proteins, and small compounds, among others. In most instances, a dynamic interplay exists between each method's efficiency of reprogramming versus overall safety, and these points need to be considered when choosing a particular approach. Regardless, the fast pace at which this field has advanced in recent years attracted many investigators to enter into the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) world and has made the process of nuclear reprogramming and iPSC generation a routine lab technique.
自从 Yamanaka 等人的开创性发现表明，四种转录因子能够诱导核重编程为多能状态以来，大量的出版物相继出现，旨在提高原始方法的效率、简单性和安全性，该原始方法基于使用整合逆转录病毒。对重编程背后基本机制的更好理解以及组织培养条件的改善，使得基于不同分子方法的新工具得以开发，例如可切除和非整合载体、RNA、蛋白质和小分子化合物等。在大多数情况下，每种方法的重编程效率与整体安全性之间存在着动态相互作用，在选择特定方法时需要考虑这些因素。无论如何，近年来该领域的快速发展吸引了许多研究人员进入诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）领域，并使核重编程和 iPSC 生成成为常规实验室技术。
