Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2012 May;48(3):628-42. doi: 10.1037/a0025629. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
This article discusses 3 ways in which adaptive developmental mechanisms may produce maladaptive outcomes. First, natural selection may favor risky strategies that enhance fitness on average but which have detrimental consequences for a subset of individuals. Second, mismatch may result when organisms experience environmental change during ontogeny, for instance, because they move from one environment to another. Third, organisms may learn about their environment in order to develop an appropriate phenotype; when cues indicate the environmental state probabilistically, as opposed to deterministically, sampling processes may produce mismatch. For each source of maladaptation, we present a selection of the relevant empirical research and illustrate how models from evolutionary biology can be used to make predictions about maladaptation. We also discuss what data can be collected to test these models in humans. Our goal is to show that evolutionary approaches not only yield insights into adaptive outcomes but can also illuminate the conditions leading to maladaptation. This perspective provides additional nuance to the dialectic between the developmental psychopathology model and evolutionary developmental psychology.
本文讨论了适应性发展机制可能产生适应不良结果的 3 种方式。首先，自然选择可能会青睐那些平均而言能提高适应性的风险策略，但这些策略对一部分个体来说却有不利影响。其次，当生物体在个体发育过程中经历环境变化时，可能会出现不匹配，例如，因为它们从一个环境转移到另一个环境。第三，生物体可能会为了形成适当的表型而了解其环境；当环境状态的线索是概率性的而不是确定性的时，抽样过程可能会导致不匹配。对于每种适应不良的来源，我们都选择了一些相关的实证研究，并说明了进化生物学模型如何用于对适应不良进行预测。我们还讨论了可以在人类中收集哪些数据来检验这些模型。我们的目标是表明，进化方法不仅能深入了解适应性结果，还能阐明导致适应不良的条件。这种观点为发展心理病理学模型和进化发展心理学之间的辩证关系提供了更多的细微差别。
