Krüger H P
Psychologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg.
Blutalkohol. 1990 May;27(3):182-201.
Following a well known decision of the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH, German Federal Court) a driver with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of more than 0.13% is seen as "absolutely unfit for driving" and will be prosecuted by criminal law. This decision was based on the results of a comprehensive review of the literature about the effects of alcohol done 1966 by the Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA, National Bureau of Health). There, severe impairments were described at levels above 0.1%, a value which the BGH "rounded up" to 0.11%. The possible errors of measurement were estimated as 0.02%. Adding both values yielded the legal limit of 0.13%. Most recently Salger (vice-president of the BGH) in a decisive manner pleaded for a reduction of this limit to 0.11% both by lowering the assumed measurement error to 0.01% and by taking back the rounding-up operation. Explicitely he based these intended corrections of the former decision on two arguments he derived from the scientific research on alcohol and driving: 1. Significant impairments are linked with BACs higher than 0.1%. 2. This was demonstrated by road-side studies, studies with instrumented cars, and driving simulators which are more valid methods to predict driving behavior than studies conducted in the laboratory. We proved these assumptions by analyzing the literature about driving studies as well as the literature from laboratory studies on alcohol. This article mainly concentrates on the empirical results coming from driving studies. It demonstrates a clear-cut empirical evidence that no single limit can be determined from where alcohol-induced impairment begins. Quality and quantity of this impairment strongly depends on how difficult the driving situation actually is. Therefore, BAC and situational difficulty act together in a synergistic way. A driver only confronted with standard traffic situations which are easy to handle may react correctly despite a BAC of 0.1% and quite more. If difficulty is slightly augmented to situations where a more controlled and/or precision-oriented non-automatic driving is required, significant impairments were seen at levels of 0.07%. In traffic situations with unpredictable events and/or extreme driving conditions severe impairments are found even at levels below 0.05%. These results perfectly match with the results from the laboratory studies. As a consequence, any public policy decision as to the acceptable legal limit of alcohol has to include a decision as to the difficulty of traffic situations which has to be mastered by the driver. Claiming that a normal driver has to deal efficiently with a medium level of difficulty the scientific evidence demands a legal limit of about 0.07%.
根据德国联邦法院（BGH）的一项著名裁决，血液酒精浓度（BAC）超过0.13%的驾驶员被视为“绝对不适合驾驶”，将被追究刑事责任。这一裁决是基于联邦卫生局（BGA，国家卫生局）1966年对有关酒精影响的文献进行全面审查的结果。在该审查中，描述了超过0.1%的酒精浓度会造成严重损害，德国联邦法院将该值“四舍五入”为0.11%。测量的可能误差估计为0.02%。将这两个值相加得出法定限值为0.13%。最近，德国联邦法院副院长萨尔格坚决主张将该限值降至0.11%，方法是将假定的测量误差降至0.01%，并取消四舍五入操作。他明确地将对先前裁决的这些预期修正基于他从酒精与驾驶的科学研究中得出的两个论点：1. 显著损害与高于0.1%的血液酒精浓度相关。2. 路边研究、配备仪器车辆的研究以及驾驶模拟器证明了这一点，这些研究比在实验室进行的研究更有效地预测驾驶行为。我们通过分析关于驾驶研究的文献以及关于酒精的实验室研究文献来验证这些假设。本文主要关注驾驶研究的实证结果。它表明了明确的实证证据，即无法确定酒精引起损害开始的确切限值。这种损害的质量和数量在很大程度上取决于实际驾驶情况的难度。因此，血液酒精浓度和情况难度以协同方式共同起作用。仅面对易于处理的标准交通情况的驾驶员，即使血液酒精浓度达到0.1%甚至更高，也可能做出正确反应。如果难度稍有增加，变为需要更可控和/或更注重精确性的非自动驾驶情况，在0.07%的血液酒精浓度水平就会出现显著损害。在存在不可预测事件和/或极端驾驶条件的交通情况下，则发现即使在低于0.05%的水平也会出现严重损害。这些结果与实验室研究的结果完全相符。因此，关于酒精可接受法定限值的任何公共政策决定都必须包括关于驾驶员必须应对的交通情况难度的决定。声称正常驾驶员必须有效应对中等难度水平，科学证据要求法定限值约为0.07%。
