Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2011 Oct;130(4):2275-84. doi: 10.1121/1.3628331.
The purpose of this study is to further understanding of the function of nonlinear vocalizations in red wolves (Canis rufus) by examining the acoustic, structural, and contextual characteristics of nonlinear sounds as compared to linear sounds. Video recordings of captive wolves from a breeding facility were analyzed. The acoustic nature of sound units was consistent with that of other social canids. The sound units included high-frequency squeaks (2600-9500 Hz) and low-frequency wuhs (160-1600 Hz) occurring either as separate units or in combination as nonlinear units (squeak-wuh frequency jumps, biphonations, squeaks with sidebands) and frequency jumps within squeaks. These low-amplitude sounds occurred in trains of 1-30 units that were classified as squeak vocalizations (49%), wuh vocalizations (19%), and nonlinear vocalizations (any combination including one or more nonlinear units, 32%). Nonlinear vocalizations transitioned directionally from high-frequency units to mixed-frequency units which has implications for the study of sound production and function. Wolves squeaked most often when oriented toward others, implying a solicitation function, while wuh vocalizations were more common during social interactions. Nonlinear vocalizations occurred most often during penmate-play or when oriented toward neighbors, indicating that nonlinear sound production may signal an increase in arousal.
本研究旨在通过比较线性声音和非线性声音的声学、结构和语境特征，进一步了解红狼（Canis rufus）非线性发声的功能。对繁殖设施中圈养狼的视频记录进行了分析。声音单元的声学性质与其他社会性犬科动物一致。这些声音单元包括高频 squeaks（2600-9500 Hz）和低频 wuhs（160-1600 Hz），它们可以单独出现，也可以组合成非线性单元（squeak-wuh 频率跳跃、双声、带边带的 squeaks）和 squeaks 内的频率跳跃。这些低振幅声音以 1-30 个单元的序列出现，被归类为 squeak 发声（49%）、wuh 发声（19%）和非线性发声（任何组合，包括一个或多个非线性单元，占 32%）。非线性发声从高频单元定向到混合频率单元，这对声音产生和功能的研究具有启示意义。狼在面向他人时最常发出 squeaks，这暗示了一种请求功能，而 wuh 发声在社交互动中更为常见。在同伴玩耍或面向邻居时，非线性发声出现的频率最高，这表明非线性声音的产生可能表明唤醒程度的增加。
