The history of cystinosis: lessons for clinical management.

Cystinosis is a rare disorder, and, accordingly, progress on the understanding and treatment of this disease has been relatively slow. Although cystinosis was identified over 100 years ago, the history of cystinosis is marked by a few sudden leaps forward in our understanding rather than by a sustained research effort fuelled by the larger research community. Major conceptual break-throughs include (a) its discovery in 1903, (b) recognition of the renal Fanconi syndrome, (c) realization that tissue accumulation of cystine reflects a defective channel in the lysosomal membrane, (d) translation of this discovery to trials of cysteamine, (e) discovery of the CTNS gene, and (f) report of successful stem cell therapy in the cystinotic mouse. This paper focuses on the importance management lessons from these milestones and the potential new therapeutic strategies which may be looming in the near future.