Lehrstuhl für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München-LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2011;291:73-114. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386035-4.00003-3.
In eukaryotic cells, genes are found in three compartments-the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids-and extensive gene transfer has occurred between them. Most organellar genes in the nucleus migrated there long ago, but transfer is ongoing and ubiquitous. It now generates mostly noncoding nuclear DNA, can also disrupt gene functions, and reshape genes by adding novel exons. Plastid or nuclear sequences have also contributed to the formation of mitochondrial tRNA genes. It is now clear that organelle-to-nucleus DNA transfer involves the escape of DNA molecules from the organelles at times of stress or at certain developmental stages, and their subsequent incorporation at sites of double-stranded breaks in nuclear DNA by nonhomologous recombination. Intercompartmental DNA transfer thus appears to be an inescapable phenomenon that has had a broad impact on eukaryotic evolution, affecting DNA repair, gene and genome evolution, and redirecting proteins to different target compartments.
在真核细胞中，基因存在于三个隔室——细胞核、线粒体和质体——它们之间发生了广泛的基因转移。大多数核内细胞器基因很久以前就迁移到了那里，但转移仍在进行且无处不在。它现在主要产生非编码核 DNA，也可以破坏基因功能，并通过添加新的外显子重塑基因。质体或核序列也促成了线粒体 tRNA 基因的形成。现在很清楚，细胞器到细胞核的 DNA 转移涉及到 DNA 分子在压力或某些发育阶段从细胞器中逃逸出来，随后通过非同源重组整合到核 DNA 的双链断裂部位。因此，细胞器间的 DNA 转移似乎是一种不可避免的现象，它对真核生物的进化产生了广泛的影响，影响了 DNA 修复、基因和基因组进化，并将蛋白质重新定向到不同的靶细胞器。
