Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4620, USA.
J Couns Psychol. 2012 Jan;59(1):134-49. doi: 10.1037/a0025716. Epub 2011 Oct 24.
The Distress Disclosure Index (DDI; J. H. Kahn & R. M. Hessling, 2001) is a brief self-report measure of one's tendency to disclose personally distressing information. The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the DDI, present new validity evidence, and make recommendations for use of the DDI. This article reviews research on the DDI from the past decade that indicates that distress disclosure is associated with well-being, professional help-seeking attitudes and intentions, and success in brief psychotherapy. On the basis of the reviewed literature, the authors report a reliability generalization study of DDI scores that strongly supports the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of DDI scores, and they review criterion-related and construct validity evidence. Next, the authors present a new multitrait-multimethod validity study of the DDI. Participants (N = 153) and peer informants (N = 153)--one per participant--completed paper-and-pencil questionnaire packets. Convergent validity of self-reported DDI scores was supported by a strong association with self-reports of emotional self-disclosure in response to a specific, unpleasant event, and self- and peer reports on the DDI were moderately correlated. DDI scores were not strongly associated with cognitive reappraisal and ambivalence over emotional expression, thus supporting discriminant validity. DDI scores were strongly associated with expressive suppression, and correlations between DDI scores and affect, depression symptoms, coping, and emotional expressivity were similar to those found with expressive suppression. The authors offer possible hypotheses explaining the overlap between distress disclosure and expressive suppression and present recommendations for future use of the DDI.
《痛苦表露指数（DDI）》（J. H. Kahn 和 R. M. Hessling，2001 年）是一种简短的自我报告式测试，用于评估一个人表露个人痛苦信息的倾向。本文旨在总结有关 DDI 的已知信息，提供新的有效性证据，并对 DDI 的使用提出建议。本文回顾了过去十年中有关 DDI 的研究，表明痛苦表露与幸福感、专业寻求帮助的态度和意图以及简短心理治疗的成功有关。基于已审查的文献，作者报告了 DDI 评分的可靠性概括研究，该研究强烈支持 DDI 评分的内部一致性和重测信度，并且还审查了效标关联和构念效度证据。接下来，作者介绍了 DDI 的一项新的多特质-多方法有效性研究。参与者（N=153）和同伴知情者（N=153）——每位参与者一位——完成了纸笔问卷包。自我报告的 DDI 评分与对特定不愉快事件的情感自我表露的自我报告之间存在很强的关联，支持了自我报告的 DDI 评分的聚合效度，而自我报告和同伴报告的 DDI 评分之间呈中度相关。DDI 评分与认知重评和情感表达的矛盾态度没有很强的关联，从而支持了区分效度。DDI 评分与表达抑制强烈相关，DDI 评分与情感、抑郁症状、应对和情感表达的相关性与与表达抑制的相关性相似。作者提出了可能的假设来解释痛苦表露和表达抑制之间的重叠，并提出了未来使用 DDI 的建议。
