Verma Ramesh, Khanna Pardeep, Prinja Shankar, Rajput Meena, Chawla Suraj, Bairwa Mohan
Department of Community Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak (Haryana), India.
Hum Vaccin. 2011 Dec;7(12):1387-8. doi: 10.4161/hv.7.12.17878. Epub 2011 Dec 1.
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV is transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids, unprotected sexual intercourse and the perinatal route but not through casual contact. About two billion people worldwide have been infected with the virus, an estimated 360 million live with chronic infection, and at least 600,000 people die annually from acute or chronic consequences of Hepatitis B, such that Hepatitis B is a major public health problem worldwide. HBV is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV. It has been estimated that, of the 25 million infants born every year in India, over one million run the lifetime risk of developing chronic HBV infection. Every year over 100,000 Indians die due to illnesses related to HBV infection. Following the launch of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) to intensify National Immunization Programs (NIPs) in developing countries worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that Hepatitis B vaccine should be given to all infants. Several cost-effectiveness analyses of inclusion of Hepatitis B vaccine in India's NIP have been performed. These indicate that universal childhood Hepatitis B immunization in India will be highly cost-effective. The Government of India is also supporting planned state programs for introducing new vaccines as part of routine immunization. The current immunization schedule for hepatitis B vaccine includes a dose given as early as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours for all institutional deliveries because the birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing perinatal transmission of Hepatitis B. Irrespective of the birth dose, 3 doses are to be given at 6, 10, 14 weeks at the same time as DPT and OPV.
乙型肝炎是一种由乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染引起的肝脏疾病。HBV通过接触受感染的血液或体液、无保护的性行为以及围产期途径传播，但不会通过日常接触传播。全球约有20亿人感染过该病毒，估计有3.6亿人患有慢性感染，每年至少有60万人死于乙型肝炎的急性或慢性后果，因此乙型肝炎是全球主要的公共卫生问题。HBV的传染性比HIV高50至100倍。据估计，印度每年出生的2500万婴儿中，超过100万婴儿终生有患慢性HBV感染的风险。每年有超过10万印度人死于与HBV感染相关的疾病。随着全球疫苗和免疫联盟（GAVI）的启动，以加强全球发展中国家的国家免疫规划（NIPs）。世界卫生组织（WHO）建议所有婴儿都应接种乙型肝炎疫苗。已经对将乙型肝炎疫苗纳入印度国家免疫规划进行了多项成本效益分析。这些分析表明，印度普遍为儿童接种乙型肝炎疫苗将具有很高的成本效益。印度政府也在支持有计划的国家项目，将引入新疫苗作为常规免疫的一部分。目前乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫程序包括在出生后尽早接种一剂，所有机构分娩的婴儿最好在24小时内接种，因为乙型肝炎疫苗的出生剂量可有效预防乙型肝炎的围产期传播。无论是否接种出生剂量，都要在6、10、14周时与百白破疫苗和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗同时接种3剂。
