Schwartz M W, Vellanoweth M
J Post Anesth Nurs. 1990 Oct;5(5):342-4.
In an attempt to clearly define nursing practice in the PACU, nurses and anesthesiologists worked collaboratively to develop an extubation protocol. The protocol is for patients no longer requiring mechanical ventilation and who will be extubated in the PACU. The protocol is unique in that it is written in a format derived from the Marker Model. Using a hierarchical concept, the Marker Model provides a framework for dividing nursing standards into three categories: structure, process, and outcome. While the extubation protocol illustrates an example of a process standard, the article also focuses on briefly describing the major components of the Marker Model and how they interrelate.
为了明确界定麻醉后护理单元（PACU）的护理实践，护士和麻醉医生共同努力制定了一项拔管方案。该方案适用于不再需要机械通气且将在PACU进行拔管的患者。该方案的独特之处在于，它采用了源自标记模型的格式编写。标记模型运用分层概念，为将护理标准分为结构、过程和结果三类提供了一个框架。虽然拔管方案阐述了一个过程标准的示例，但本文还着重简要描述了标记模型的主要组成部分及其相互关系。
