Nel André, Prokop Jakub, Nel Patricia, Grandcolas Philippe, Huang Di-Ying, Roques Patrick, Guilbert Eric, Dostál Ondřej, Szwedo Jacek
CNRS UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, Entomologie, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
J Morphol. 2012 May;273(5):480-506. doi: 10.1002/jmor.11036. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
Two different patterns of wing venation are currently supposed to be present in each of the three orders of Paraneoptera. This is unlikely compared with the situation in other insects where only one pattern exists per order. We propose for all Paraneoptera a new and unique interpretation of wing venation pattern, assuming that the convex cubitus anterior gets fused with the common stem of median and radial veins at or very near to wing base, after separation from concave cubitus posterior, and re-emerges more distally from R + M stem. Thereafter, the vein between concave cubitus posterior and CuA is a specialized crossvein called "cua-cup," proximally concave and distally convex. We show that despite some variations, that is, cua-cup can vary from absent to hypertrophic; CuA can re-emerge together with M or not, or even completely disappear, this new interpretation explains all situations among all fossil and recent paraneopteran lineages. We propose that the characters "CuA fused in a common stem with R and M"and "presence of specialized crossvein cua-cup" are venation apomorphies that support the monophyly of the Paraneoptera. In the light of these characters, we reinterpret several Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic fossils that were ascribed to Paraneoptera, and confirm the attribution of several to this superorder as well as possible attribution of Zygopsocidae (Zygopsocus permianus Tillyard, 1935) as oldest Psocodea. We discuss the situation in extinct Hypoperlida and Miomoptera, suggesting that both orders could well be polyphyletic, with taxa related to Archaeorthoptera, Paraneoptera, or even Holometabola. The Carboniferous Protoprosbolidae is resurrected and retransferred into the Paraneoptera. The genus Lithoscytina is restored. The miomopteran Eodelopterum priscum Schmidt, 1962 is newly revised and considered as a fern pinnule. In addition, the new paraneopteran Bruayaphis oudardi gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described fromthe Upper Carboniferous of France (see Supporting Information).
目前认为，在半翅总目的三个目中，每个目都存在两种不同的翅脉模式。与其他昆虫每个目只有一种模式的情况相比，这是不太可能的。我们对所有半翅总目昆虫的翅脉模式提出一种新的独特解释，假设凸前肘脉在与凹后肘脉分离后，在翅基部或非常靠近翅基部的位置与中脉和径脉的共同主干融合，然后在更远处从R + M主干重新出现。此后，凹后肘脉和CuA之间的脉是一条特化的横脉，称为“cua - cup”，近端凹，远端凸。我们表明，尽管存在一些变异，即cua - cup可以从不存在到过度发育；CuA可以与M一起重新出现，也可以不一起出现，甚至完全消失，但这种新解释能够解释所有化石和现生半翅总目谱系中的所有情况。我们提出，“CuA与R和M融合在一个共同主干中”和“存在特化横脉cua - cup”这些特征是支持半翅总目单系性的翅脉衍征。根据这些特征，我们重新解释了一些被归为半翅总目的古生代和中生代早期化石，并确认了其中一些化石归属于这个超目，以及将Zygopsocidae（Zygopsocus permianus Tillyard，1935）可能归为最古老的啮目。我们讨论了已灭绝的Hypoperlida和Miomoptera的情况，表明这两个目很可能是多系的，其分类单元与古直翅目、半翅总目，甚至全变态类有关。石炭纪的Protoprosbolidae被重新确立并重新归入半翅总目。Lithoscytina属被恢复。对1962年的miomopteran Eodelopterum priscum Schmidt进行了新的修订，并认为它是蕨类植物的小羽片。此外，还从法国上石炭统描述了新的半翅总目昆虫Bruayaphis oudardi gen. nov. et sp. nov.（见补充信息）。
