Rosenberg Irwin, Tilahun Jessica, Schlossman Nina, Bagriansky Jack, Johnson Quentin, Webb Patrick, Rogers Beatrice, Masterson Amelia Reese
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Food Nutr Bull. 2011 Sep;32(3 Suppl):S134-51. doi: 10.1177/15648265110323S302.
Food aid provided by the United States has saved the lives of the vulnerable for many years. Recognizing the need for a thorough review of product formulations and specifications, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) commissioned a 2-year assessment of quality issues relating to Title II food aid products. This article presents findings and recommendations of that review relating to product enhancements.
The core question addressed was: Are current commodity specifications for enriched FBFs appropriate in light of evolving nutritional science and food fortification technology, or do they need to be updated?
Empirical data were derived from a number of sources, including a survey of Title II implementing partners focusing on procurement and logistics, and uses of FBFs and other foods. Input of implementing partners, civil society, and donor organizations was obtained through individual consultations, international and small group meetings. More than 400 individuals accessed the project's website. The project convened a panel of experts in food technology and science, food policy, law, industry, medicine, development and humanitarian work, and the maritime industry, and held regular joint meetings with USDA and USAID. The draft report was widely disseminated and posted on the website.
The findings of this research led to the following broad areas of improvement in US Title II food aid products: 1) Improve the formulation of existing FBF products used in Title II programming. This includes the addition of a dairy source of protein to products targeted to children 6 to 24 months of age, pregnant and lactating women, wasted children, and wasted individuals undergoing HIV/AIDS treatment. 2) Upgrade the vitamin and mineral mixes used and diversify approaches to addressing micronutrient needs. Enhance the composition of premixes used to fortify blended foods as well as milled grains and vegetable oil; facilitate shipping offortificant premix with bulk cereals for in-country fortification; and develop micronutrient powders (sachets) and other point-of-use fortification options. 3) Develop or adopt non-cereal-based (e.g., lipid-based) products for the management of nutritional deficiencies. This is an argument for more choice among appropriate tools, not for discarding products that have already shown their value over many years. It also does not reduce the need to maintain a focus on supplying high volumes of quality grains as the main staple in food aid baskets.
多年来，美国提供的粮食援助挽救了弱势群体的生命。美国国际开发署（USAID）认识到有必要对产品配方和规格进行全面审查，委托开展了一项为期两年的关于与第二章粮食援助产品相关质量问题的评估。本文介绍了该审查中与产品改进相关的调查结果和建议。
所探讨的核心问题是：鉴于营养科学和食品强化技术的不断发展，目前强化即食混合食品（FBF）的商品规格是否合适，还是需要更新？
实证数据来源于多个渠道，包括对第二章实施伙伴进行的一项调查，重点关注采购和物流以及即食混合食品和其他食品的使用情况。通过个人咨询、国际会议和小组会议获取了实施伙伴、民间社会和捐助组织的意见。400多人访问了该项目的网站。该项目召集了一个由食品技术与科学、食品政策、法律、行业、医学、发展与人道主义工作以及海运行业的专家组成的小组，并与美国农业部和美国国际开发署定期举行联席会议。报告草稿得到广泛传播并发布在网站上。
这项研究的结果促成了美国第二章粮食援助产品在以下几个广泛领域的改进：1）改进第二章项目中使用的现有即食混合食品产品的配方。这包括在针对6至24个月大儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女、消瘦儿童以及接受艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗的消瘦个体的产品中添加乳制品蛋白质来源。2）升级所使用的维生素和矿物质混合物，并使满足微量营养素需求的方法多样化。加强用于强化混合食品以及碾磨谷物和植物油的预混料的成分；促进将强化预混料与大宗谷物一起运输以便在国内进行强化；并开发微量营养素粉（小包装）和其他使用点强化选项。3）开发或采用非谷物类（如基于脂质的）产品来管理营养缺乏问题。这是主张在合适的工具之间有更多选择，而不是丢弃那些多年来已证明其价值的产品。这也并不减少保持专注于提供大量优质谷物作为粮食援助篮子中的主要主食的必要性。
