Krishnamurthy N V, Gimi Barjor
Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2011;39(6):473-91. doi: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v39.i6.10.
Cell transplantation provides a therapeutic alternative to whole organ transplantation in the management of diseases arising from the absence or failure of specialized cells. Though allogenic transplantation is favorable in terms of graft acceptance, xenotransplantation can provide a potentially unlimited source of cells and can overcome shortage of human donors. Effective immunoisolation of the xenografts is critical for their long term survival and function. Encapsulation of cells in polymeric matrices, organic or inorganic, provides a physical selectively permeable barrier between the host and the graft, thereby immunoisolating the graft. Microencapsulation of cells in alginate hydrogels has been pervasive, but this approach does not provide precise control over porosity, whereas micro- and nano-fabrication technologies can provide precise and reproducible control over porosity. We highlight both encapsulation approaches in this review, with their relative advantages and challenges. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of encapsulated cells for treating a variety of diseases, detailing the xenotransplantation of pancreatic islets in diabetes therapy as well as the grafting of engineered cells that facilitate localized enzyme-prodrug therapy of pancreatic cancer.
在治疗因特定细胞缺失或功能衰竭而引发的疾病时，细胞移植为全器官移植提供了一种治疗选择。尽管同种异体移植在移植物接受方面具有优势，但异种移植可以提供潜在无限的细胞来源，并且能够克服人类供体短缺的问题。对异种移植物进行有效的免疫隔离对于其长期存活和功能至关重要。将细胞封装在有机或无机聚合物基质中，可在宿主与移植物之间形成物理选择性渗透屏障，从而对移植物进行免疫隔离。将细胞微囊化于藻酸盐水凝胶中已被广泛应用，但这种方法无法精确控制孔隙率，而微纳制造技术能够对孔隙率提供精确且可重复的控制。在本综述中，我们着重介绍了这两种封装方法及其相对优势与挑战。我们还强调了封装细胞在治疗多种疾病方面的治疗潜力，详细阐述了糖尿病治疗中胰岛的异种移植以及促进胰腺癌局部酶-前药治疗的工程细胞移植。
