Division of Research and Collections, New York State Museum, Albany, NY 12230, USA.
Parasitology. 2012 Apr;139(4):463-77. doi: 10.1017/S0031182011002101. Epub 2012 Jan 5.
Extensive connective tissue lysis is a common outcome of haplosporidian infection. Although such infections in marine invertebrates are well documented, they are relatively rarely observed in freshwater invertebrates. Herein, we report a field study using a comprehensive series of methodologies (histology, dissection, electron microscopy, gene sequence analysis, and molecular phylogenetics) to investigate the morphology, taxonomy, systematics, geographical distribution, pathogenicity, and seasonal and annual prevalence of a haplosporidian observed in zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha. Based on its genetic sequence, morphology, and host, we describe Haplosporidium raabei n. sp. from D. polymorpha - the first haplosporidian species from a freshwater bivalve. Haplosporidium raabei is rare as we observed it in histological sections in only 0·7% of the zebra mussels collected from 43 water bodies across 11 European countries and in none that were collected from 10 water bodies in the United States. In contrast to its low prevalences, disease intensities were quite high with 79·5% of infections advanced to sporogenesis.
广泛的结缔组织溶解是哈孢虫感染的常见后果。尽管海洋无脊椎动物中的此类感染已有充分记录，但在淡水无脊椎动物中相对较少见。在此，我们报告了一项使用综合系列方法（组织学、解剖学、电子显微镜学、基因序列分析和分子系统发育学）进行的实地研究，以调查在斑马贻贝（Dreissena polymorpha）中观察到的哈孢虫的形态、分类、系统发育、地理分布、致病性以及季节性和年度流行情况。基于其遗传序列、形态和宿主，我们描述了来自 D. polymorpha 的哈氏副孢菌（Haplosporidium raabei）n. sp.，这是淡水双壳类动物中首次发现的哈孢虫。哈氏副孢菌很罕见，因为我们仅在从 11 个欧洲国家的 43 个水体中采集的 0.7%的斑马贻贝组织切片中观察到它，而在美国 10 个水体中采集的贻贝中均未观察到它。与低流行率形成鲜明对比的是，疾病强度相当高，79.5%的感染已发展到孢子发生阶段。
