Interactions of lipases with lipid monolayers. Facts and questions.

Among the proteins, lipolytic enzymes provide a valuable model for studying protein-lipid interactions. Lipases having a catalytic action which is strictly dependent upon the presence of a lipid interface were used in the present study in order to gain better insight into protein-lipid interactions. Most of the data presented here were obtained using the monolayer technique, by recording (either independently or simultaneously) the lipolytic activity, the amount of protein adsorbed to the lipid monolayer, and the surface pressure variations following protein adsorption. Several non-enzymatic proteins were used as controls in order to determine how lipase behaviour differs from that of other proteins. At all initial surface pressures tested, with zwitterionic monolayers, a good correlation was observed between the amount of lipase bound to the monolayer and the surface pressure increase, in agreement with previous studies. Conversely, with neutral lipid monolayers the amount of lipase bound to the monolayer was not found to be surface pressure dependent. This latter behaviour observed with lipases on neutral films is not specific to lipases, since it was also observed with bovine serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin A. Lipase activity in the presence of various proteins was investigated with monomolecular films of glycerol didecanoate, either at constant surface area or at constant surface pressure. Depending upon the nature of the lipase and the protein, inhibition of lipase activity was either observed or not. Inhibition was correlated with a decrease in lipase surface concentration. The ability of the various proteins to inhibit lipolysis is: (i) a function of their excess versus lipase in the bulk phase, and: (ii) correlated with their penetration capacity (i.e., the initial rate of surface pressure increase of a glycerol didecanoate monolayer having an initial surface pressure of 20 dyn/cm, after the injection-of the protein). Since lipase inhibition was observed with low surface densities of inhibitory proteins, a long-range effect is probably involved in the mechanism of interfacial lipase inhibition. The nature of the ionic charge added to the monolayer by the protein is not critical for determining lipase adsorption or desorption. It is hypothesized that the lack of lipase adsorption to, or desorption from, the lipid monolayer results from a change in the organization of the hydrocarbon moiety of the lipid.