Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012 Mar;147(3):380-8. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22000. Epub 2012 Jan 23.
In Chile, the Hispanic dual surname system is used. To describe the isonymic structure of this country, the distribution of 16,277,255 surnames of 8,178,209 persons was studied in the 15 regions, the 54 provinces, and the 346 communes of the nation. The number of different surnames found was 72,667. Effective surname number (Fisher's α) for the entire country was 309.0, the average for regions was 240.8 ± 17.6, for provinces 209.2 ± 8.9, and for communes 178.7 ± 4.7. These values display a variation of inbreeding between administrative levels in the Chilean population, which can be attributed to the 'Prefecture effect' of Nei and Imaizumi. Matrices of isonymic distances between units within administrative levels were tested for correlation with geographic distance. The correlations were highest for provinces (r = 0.630 ± 0.019 for Euclidean distance) and lowest for communes (r = 0.366 ± 0.009 for Lasker's). The geographical distribution of the first three-dimensions of the Euclidean distance matrix suggests that population diffusion may have taken place from the north of the country toward the center and south. The prevalence of European plus European-Amerindian (95.4%) over Amerindian ethnicity (4.6%, CIA World Factbook) is compatible with diffusion of Caucasian groups over a low-density area populated by indigenous groups. The significant excess of maternal over paternal indigenous surnames indicates some asymmetric mating between nonAmerindian and Amerindian Chileans. The available studies of Y-markers and mt-markers are in agreement with this asymmetry. In the present work, we investigate the Chilean population with the aim of detecting its structure through the study of isonymy (Crow and Mange,1965) in the three administrative levels of the nation, namely 15 regions, 54 provinces, and 346 communes.
在智利，使用的是西班牙裔双重姓氏系统。为了描述这个国家的同姓氏结构，我们对全国 15 个地区、54 个省和 346 个市镇的 8178209 个人的 16277255 个姓氏进行了研究。发现的不同姓氏数量为 72667 个。全国的有效姓氏数（Fisher's α）为 309.0，地区平均为 240.8±17.6，省平均为 209.2±8.9，市镇平均为 178.7±4.7。这些值显示了智利人口在行政级别之间的近亲繁殖程度的差异，可以归因于 Nei 和 Imaizumi 的“州效应”。在行政级别内的单位之间的同姓氏距离矩阵被测试与地理距离的相关性。在省之间的相关性最高（欧几里得距离的 r=0.630±0.019），在市镇之间的相关性最低（Lasker 距离的 r=0.366±0.009）。欧几里得距离矩阵的前三个维度的地理分布表明，人口扩散可能是从该国北部向中心和南部进行的。欧洲加上欧洲裔印第安人（95.4%）超过印第安人种族（CIA 世界概况，4.6%）的流行与白人群体在一个以原住民为主的低密度地区的扩散是一致的。母系印第安姓氏的明显过剩表明，非印第安裔和印第安裔智利人之间存在一些不对称的交配。Y 标记和 mt 标记的现有研究与这种不对称性一致。在本工作中，我们通过研究国家的三个行政级别（15 个地区、54 个省和 346 个市镇）的同姓氏（Crow 和 Mange，1965）来研究智利人口，以检测其结构。
