Invited commentary: complexities in evaluating neurobiological models for stress resistance.

Professors Salmon and Stanford are to be commended for their efforts in drawing attention to noradrenergic contributions to stress resistance and the potential importance of within-subject patterns of stress response. In commenting on their paper, I would like to develop the following points: (1) self-control over stress exposure strongly influences the noradrenergic response to stress; (2) β-receptor regulation may reflect a lower sensitivity to stress under a carefully specified range of conditions; and (3) genetic and environmental factors may interact in a complex fashion that may not fit simple linear models based on β-receptor function.