Evolving biomarkers in osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most debilitating diseases affecting mankind with severe financial and emotional consequences. The heterogeneity of the human population, lack of complete understanding of the OA disease process, and the slow progressive nature of the disease characterized by prolonged periods of nonsymptomatic, degenerative changes has hampered development of ideal diagnostic and prognostic portfolios. The difficulties associated with early OA diagnosis by exclusively radiographic techniques has propelled a need to identify specific biomarkers for rapid and effective early OA diagnosis, better patient prognosis, and for monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological interventions to the disease process. This review highlights some of the biochemical biomarkers in current use in OA, their applications and limitations. Investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic biomarkers and the application of technologies such as lipidomics and metabolomics to OA are generating potentially additional biomarkers that could be helpful for detecting early OA phenomena in humans.