15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 exerts pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in mesangial cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins play a modulatory role in inflammation, in part through their ability to covalently modify key proinflammatory proteins. Using mesangial cells as a cellular model of inflammation we have observed that 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) exerts a biphasic effect on cell activation by cytokines, with nanomolar concentrations eliciting an amplification of nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS and COX-2 levels, and concentrations of 5 μM and higher inhibiting proinflammatory gene expression. An analog of 15d-PGJ(2) lacking the cyclopentenone structure (9,10-dihydro-15d-PGJ(2)) showed reduced ability to elicit both types of effects, suggesting that the electrophilic nature of 15d-PGJ(2) is important for its biphasic action. Interestingly, the switch from stimulatory to inhibitory actions occurred within a narrow concentration range and correlated with the ability of 15d-PGJ(2) to induce heme oxygenase 1 and γ-GCSm expression. These events are highly dependent on the triggering of the antioxidant response, which is considered as a sensor of thiol group modification. Indeed, the levels of the master regulator of the antioxidant response Nrf2 increased upon treatment with concentrations of 15d-PGJ(2) above 5 μM, an effect that could not be mimicked by 9,10-dihydro-15d-PGJ(2). Thus, an interplay of redox and electrophilic signalling mechanisms can be envisaged by which 15d-PGJ(2), as several other redox mediators, could contribute both to the onset and to the resolution of inflammation in a context or concentration-dependent manner.