Biology Department, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
J Insect Physiol. 2012 May;58(5):599-606. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.01.019. Epub 2012 Feb 8.
In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on terrestrial locomotion in Arachnida. Arachnids represent a single diverse (>100,000 species) clade containing well-defined subgroups (at both the order and subordinal levels) that vary morphologically around a basic body plan, yet exhibit highly disparate limb usage, running performance, and tarsal attachment mechanisms. Spiders (Araneae), scorpions (Scorpiones), and harvestmen (Opiliones) have received the most attention in the literature, while some orders have never been subject to rigorous mechanical characterization. Most well-characterized taxa move with gaits analogous to the alternating tripod gaits that characterize fast-moving Insecta - alternating tetrapods or alternating tripods (when one pair of legs is lifted from the ground for some other function). However, between taxa, there is considerable variation in the regularity of phasing between legs. Both large and small spiders appear to show a large amount of variation in the distribution of foot-ground contact, even between consecutive step-cycles of a single run. Mechanisms for attachment to vertical surfaces also vary, and may depend on tufts of adhesive hairs, fluid adhesives, silks, or a combination of these. We conclude that Arachnida, particularly with improvements in microelectronic force sensing technology, can serve as a powerful study system for understanding the kinematics, dynamics, and ecological correlates of sprawled-posture locomotion.
在这篇综述中，我们评估了蛛形纲动物在陆地运动方面的现有知识状况。蛛形纲动物是一个单一的多样化（超过 10 万种）分支，包含形态上明显不同的亚群（在目和亚目级别），围绕着一个基本的身体计划，但表现出高度不同的肢体使用、奔跑性能和跗节附着机制。蜘蛛（Araneae）、蝎子（Scorpiones）和盲蛛（Opiliones）在文献中受到了最多的关注，而有些目从未受到过严格的机械特征描述。大多数特征明确的分类群以类似于快速移动的昆虫的交替三脚架步态的步态移动——交替四足动物或交替三脚架（当一对腿从地面抬起以执行其他功能时）。然而，在分类群之间，腿之间的相位规律存在相当大的变化。大型和小型蜘蛛似乎在足与地面的接触分布上表现出很大的变化，即使在单次奔跑的连续步周期之间也是如此。垂直表面附着的机制也有所不同，可能取决于粘性毛发的簇、流体粘性剂、丝或这些的组合。我们得出结论，蛛形纲动物，特别是在微电子力感应技术的改进下，可以作为一个强大的研究系统，用于理解伸展姿势运动的运动学、动力学和生态相关性。
