BACKGROUND

The effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs depends on the successful coverage of a series of interventions through pregnancy, intrapartum, and postpartum. Routine monitoring systems based on service data and limited to women on the PMTCT program may overestimate intervention coverage at multiple points along this cascade.

METHODS

Cord blood specimens with individually linked anonymous demographic and pregnancy data were collected from 3 delivery services in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, and screened for HIV. Seropositive specimens were tested for the presence of antiretrovirals. Comparisons were drawn between documented service data and cord blood findings for HIV seroprevalence and antenatal antiretroviral coverage.

RESULTS

A total of 3034 specimens were tested for HIV, 507 (16.7%) of which were HIV seropositive. Of these, 470 (92.7%) were tested for the presence of antiretrovirals, of whom 58.1% had evidence of a standard of care maternal antiretroviral regimen and 73.6% some form of antenatal antiretroviral prophylaxis. Cord blood antiretroviral coverage was lower than that reported by service data. Incomplete antenatal HIV testing accounted for an estimated 46.2% of missed opportunities for transmission reduction.

DISCUSSION

Even in this well-resourced setting, HIV screening and ensuring antenatal compliance with prescribed regimens were the most immediate priorities for reducing vertical transmission. Cord blood surveillance offers a unique opportunity to explore missed opportunities using methods not currently possible from routine antenatal and PMTCT program reporting.