Exercise Science Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA.
J Strength Cond Res. 2012 May;26(5):1441-53. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824f207e.
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) occurs primarily from the performance of unaccustomed exercise, and its severity is modulated by the type, intensity, and duration of training. Although concentric and isometric actions contribute to EIMD, the greatest damage to muscle tissue is seen with eccentric exercise, where muscles are forcibly lengthened. Damage can be specific to just a few macromolecules of tissue or result in large tears in the sarcolemma, basal lamina, and supportive connective tissue, and inducing injury to contractile elements and the cytoskeleton. Although EIMD can have detrimental short-term effects on markers of performance and pain, it has been hypothesized that the associated skeletal muscle inflammation and increased protein turnover are necessary for long-term hypertrophic adaptations. A theoretical basis for this belief has been proposed, whereby the structural changes associated with EIMD influence gene expression, resulting in a strengthening of the tissue and thus protection of the muscle against further injury. Other researchers, however, have questioned this hypothesis, noting that hypertrophy can occur in the relative absence of muscle damage. Therefore, the purpose of this article will be twofold: (a) to extensively review the literature and attempt to determine what, if any, role EIMD plays in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy and (b) to make applicable recommendations for resistance training program design.
运动诱导的肌肉损伤（EIMD）主要是由于不习惯的运动引起的，其严重程度受训练类型、强度和持续时间的调节。尽管向心和等长运动有助于 EIMD，但肌肉离心运动对肌肉组织的损伤最大，在这种运动中，肌肉被迫拉长。损伤可能仅局限于少数组织的大分子，也可能导致横膈膜、基底层和支持性结缔组织的大撕裂，并导致收缩元件和细胞骨架受损。虽然 EIMD 会对运动表现和疼痛的标志物产生有害的短期影响，但有人假设，相关的骨骼肌炎症和增加的蛋白质周转率对于长期的肥大适应是必要的。已经提出了这一信念的理论基础，即与 EIMD 相关的结构变化会影响基因表达，从而使组织更强壮，从而保护肌肉免受进一步损伤。然而，其他研究人员对这一假设提出了质疑，他们指出，在没有肌肉损伤的情况下也可以发生肥大。因此，本文的目的将是双重的：（a）广泛审查文献，并试图确定 EIMD 在促进骨骼肌肥大方面的作用，如果有的话；（b）为阻力训练计划设计提出可行的建议。
