Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage renal disease. There are a few generally accepted contraindications to transplantation: active infection, malignancy, substance abuse or non-adherence to therapy, chronic illness with life expectancy of less than one year, and poorly controlled psychosis. Potential renal transplant candidates must undergo thorough screening for exclusion of malignant diseases, with an individual approach to each patient. Patients with a history of malignancy might be placed on the waiting list for renal transplantation after a waiting period, which depends on the type of tumor and individual patient characteristics, and there are no signs of tumor. This group of patients require careful surveillance during the waiting time, as well as after transplantation.