Therapy of affective disorders.

The key to the proper treatment of affective disorder is a correct diagnosis of the subtype of depressive illness. Thus, primary treatment recommendations include the TCAs for a depressive episode; ECT for a depressive episode with psychotic features; and MAOIs for dysthymic disorder and atypical depressive episodes. Nonresponding patients are treated with either lithium augmentation of TCA therapy, an MAOI, or ECT. Second-generation antidepressants are not usually indicated as initial treatments. They are recommended in situations in which their adverse-effect profiles offer significant advantages over TCAs in an individual patient. Second-generation antidepressants have not been extensively studied in patients who do not respond to TCAs. Maintenance antidepressant may be necessary to prevent recurrent depressive episodes. Lithium remains the mainstay of acute treatment of mania and for prophylaxis of subsequent affective episodes. In lithium-refractory or lithium-intolerant patients, carbamazepine is recommended. Valproic acid and verapamil have been useful, primarily in patients who do not respond to lithium and carbamazepine.