Hedley-Whyte John, Milamed Debra R
Harvard University, Boston, MA 02132-4927, USA.
Ulster Med J. 2010 Sep;79(3):125-34.
In 1894 Ulsterman and pathologist Almroth Wright described the citation of blood. Twenty-one years later it was introduced into wartime and clinical practice. Harvard Medical School had a large part in providing Colonel Andrew Fullerton, later Professor of Surgery, Queen's Belfast, with the intellectual and practical help for the Allies to deploy blood on the post-Somme Western Front and in Salonika. The key investigators and clinicians were Americans and Canadians who with Fullerton and Wright instructed the Allies. The key enablers were two Harvard-trained surgeons surnamed Robertson-Oswald H. ("Robby") and L. Bruce (no relation). Physician Roger I. Lee of Harvard, surgeon George W Crile of Cleveland, Peyton Rous of the Rockefeller Institute and Richard Lewisohn of Mount Sinai Hospital, both located in the Upper East Side of New York City, played key roles.By Armistice in 1918, indirect citrated nutrient-enhanced blood transfusion was widely used by the Allies. Geoffrey Keynes was taught the techniques of blood transfusion by Dr. Benjamin Harrison Alton of Harvard at a Casualty Clearing Station near Albert at the time of the Battle of Passchendaele. Professor "Robby" Robertson, DSO, Sir Geoffrey Keynes and Sir Thomas Houston established blood banking.
1894年，阿尔斯特曼和病理学家阿尔姆罗斯·赖特描述了血液的输注方法。21年后，它被引入战时和临床实践。哈佛医学院在很大程度上为后来成为贝尔法斯特女王大学外科教授的安德鲁·富勒顿上校提供了智力和实践帮助，使盟军能够在索姆河战役后的西线和萨洛尼卡部署血液。关键的研究人员和临床医生是美国人和加拿大人，他们与富勒顿和赖特一起指导盟军。关键的推动者是两位毕业于哈佛的外科医生，姓氏为罗伯逊——奥斯瓦尔德·H.（“罗比”）和L. 布鲁斯（无亲属关系）。哈佛的内科医生罗杰·I. 李、克利夫兰的外科医生乔治·W·克里尔、洛克菲勒研究所的佩顿·劳斯以及位于纽约市上东区的西奈山医院的理查德·刘易斯ohn都发挥了关键作用。到1918年停战之时，间接枸橼酸盐营养强化输血已被盟军广泛使用。在帕申达勒战役期间，杰弗里·凯恩斯在阿尔贝附近的一个伤员清理站由哈佛的本杰明·哈里森·奥尔顿医生教授了输血技术。“罗比”·罗伯逊教授、DSO、杰弗里·凯恩斯爵士和托马斯·休斯顿爵士建立了血库。
