Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:283-305. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103754. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
Legumes are the third-largest family of angiosperms, the second-most-important crop family, and a key source of biological nitrogen in agriculture. Recently, the genome sequences of Glycine max (soybean), Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicus were substantially completed. Comparisons among legume genomes reveal a key role for duplication, especially a whole-genome duplication event approximately 58 Mya that is shared by most agriculturally important legumes. A second and more recent genome duplication occurred only in the lineage leading to soybean. Outcomes of genome duplication, including gene fractionation and sub- and neofunctionalization, have played key roles in shaping legume genomes and in the evolution of legume-specific traits. Analysis of legume genome sequences also enables the discovery of legume-specific gene families and provides a framework for genome-wide association mapping that will target phenotypes of special importance in legumes. Translating genomic resources from sequenced species to less studied but still important "orphan" legumes will enhance prospects for world food production.
豆科植物是被子植物的第三大家族，第二大作物科，也是农业中生物固氮的重要来源。最近，大豆（Glycine max）、蒺藜苜蓿（Medicago truncatula）和百脉根（Lotus japonicus）的基因组序列已基本完成。豆科植物基因组的比较揭示了重复的关键作用，特别是大约 5800 万年前发生的全基因组重复事件，这一事件在大多数重要的农业豆科植物中都有发生。第二次也是更近的基因组重复仅发生在大豆的进化枝中。基因组重复的结果，包括基因分割和亚功能化和新功能化，在塑造豆科植物基因组和豆科植物特有性状的进化中发挥了关键作用。豆科植物基因组序列的分析还可以发现豆科植物特有的基因家族，并为针对豆科植物特别重要的表型的全基因组关联图谱绘制提供框架。将已测序物种的基因组资源转化为研究较少但仍然重要的“孤儿”豆科植物，将提高世界粮食生产的前景。
