Current surgical management of insular gliomas.

The insula is a functionally and anatomically complex cortical structure that can be affected by both low-grade and high-grade gliomas. This complexity often prevents many neurosurgeons from attempting to surgically manage insular gliomas. This article reviews the anatomic and functional uniqueness of the insula and the surgical outcomes and lessons learned from previously reported surgical series. Successful management of insular gliomas, defined as maximal resection of the tumor without postoperative neurologic morbidity, can be achieved through a sophisticated understanding of the neurovascular structure of the insular region and an intraoperative functional mapping using cortico-subcortical electrical stimulation.