Energy and Emissions Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2012 Mar;62(3):307-21. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2011.650040.
Flaring is a technique used extensively in the oil and gas industry to burn unwanted flammable gases. Oxidation of the gas can preclude emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas); however, flaring creates other pollutant emissions such as particulate matter (PM) in the form of soot or black carbon (BC). Currently available PM emissionfactors for flares were reviewed and found to be questionably accurate, or based on measurements not directly relevant to open-atmosphere flares. In addition, most previous studies of soot emissions from turbulent diffusion flames considered alkene or alkyne based gaseous fuels, and few considered mixed fuels in detail and/or lower sooting propensity fuels such as methane, which is the predominant constituent of gas flared in the upstream oil and gas industry. Quantitative emission measurements were performed on laboratory-scale flares for a range of burner diameters, exit velocities, and fuel compositions. Drawing from established standards, a sampling protocol was developed that employed both gravimetric analysis of filter samples and real-time measurements of soot volume fraction using a laser-induced incandescence (LII) system. For the full range of conditions tested (burner inner diameter [ID] of 12.7-76.2 mm, exit velocity 0.1-2.2 m/sec, 4- and 6-component methane-based fuel mixtures representative of associated gas in the upstream oil industry), measured soot emission factors were less than 0.84 kg soot/10(3) m3 fuel. A simple empirical relationship is presented to estimate the PM emission factor as a function of the fuel heating value for a range of conditions, which, although still limited, is an improvement over currently available emission factors.
flares 是石油和天然气工业中广泛使用的一种技术，用于燃烧不需要的可燃气体。气体的氧化可以防止甲烷（一种强效温室气体）的排放；然而， flares 会产生其他污染物排放，例如以烟尘或黑碳（BC）形式存在的颗粒物（PM）。目前审查了 flares 的可用 PM 排放因子，发现它们的准确性值得怀疑，或者基于与开放大气 flares 不直接相关的测量结果。此外，以前关于湍流扩散火焰中烟尘排放的大多数研究都考虑了烯烃或炔烃基气态燃料，很少有详细考虑混合燃料的情况，并且很少有考虑低烟尘生成倾向燃料（如甲烷）的情况，甲烷是上游石油和天然气行业中 flares 的主要成分。在实验室规模的 flares 上进行了一系列燃烧器直径、出口速度和燃料成分的定量排放测量。根据既定标准，开发了一种采样协议，该协议同时使用重量分析法对过滤器样品进行分析，并使用激光诱导白炽（LII）系统对烟尘体积分数进行实时测量。在所测试的全范围条件下（燃烧器内径 [ID] 为 12.7-76.2 毫米，出口速度为 0.1-2.2 米/秒，4-和 6 组分甲烷基燃料混合物代表上游石油工业中的伴生气），测量的烟尘排放因子小于 0.84 千克烟尘/10（3）立方米燃料。提出了一个简单的经验关系，以根据燃料热值估算一系列条件下的 PM 排放因子，尽管仍然有限，但这比目前可用的排放因子有所改进。
