Guide to emergency interception during parturition in the dog and cat.

Clinicians in private practice, specialty practice, and emergency clinic settings are likely to be presented with bitches and queens with parturition emergencies. Parameters for the identification of dystocia include prolonged parturition, collapse of the dam, abnormal vaginal discharge, prolonged labor, prolonged interval between delivery of neonates, uterine inertia, malpresentation of the fetus, and large litter sizes. Methods for the diagnosis of dystocia are discussed. Resolution of parturition emergencies may be achieved through manipulative, medical, or surgical methods, although the great percentage of dystocia will require surgical intervention. Techniques for medical and surgical interception are discussed.