Pascual Angel, Aranda Ana
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jul;1830(7):3908-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.012. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
Tissue homeostasis depends on the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. Thyroid hormones (THs), through binding to their nuclear receptors, can regulate the expression of many genes involved in cell cycle control and cellular differentiation. This can occur by direct transcriptional regulation or by modulation of the activity of different signaling pathways.
In this review we will summarize the role of the different receptor isoforms in growth and maturation of selected tissues and organs. We will focus on mammalian tissues, and therefore we will not address the fundamental role of the THs during amphibian metamorphosis.
The actions of THs are highly pleiotropic, affecting many tissues at different developmental stages. As a consequence, their effects on proliferation and differentiation are highly heterogeneous depending on the cell type, the cellular context, and the developmental or transformation status. Both during development and in the adult, stem cells are essential for proper organ formation, maintenance and regeneration. Recent evidence suggests that some of the actions of the thyroid hormone receptors could be secondary to regulation of stem/progenitor cell function. Here we will also include the latest knowledge on the role of these receptors in proliferation and differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells.
The thyroid hormone receptors are potent regulators of proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. This can explain the important role of the thyroid hormones and their receptors in key processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis or cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
组织稳态取决于细胞增殖与分化之间的平衡。甲状腺激素（THs）通过与其核受体结合，可调节许多参与细胞周期控制和细胞分化的基因的表达。这可通过直接转录调控或通过调节不同信号通路的活性来实现。
在本综述中，我们将总结不同受体亚型在特定组织和器官生长与成熟中的作用。我们将聚焦于哺乳动物组织，因此不会探讨甲状腺激素在两栖动物变态过程中的基础作用。
甲状腺激素的作用具有高度多效性，在不同发育阶段影响许多组织。因此，它们对增殖和分化的影响因细胞类型、细胞环境以及发育或转化状态而异。在发育过程中和成体中，干细胞对于器官的正常形成、维持和再生至关重要。最近的证据表明，甲状腺激素受体的某些作用可能继发于对干/祖细胞功能的调节。在此，我们还将纳入关于这些受体在胚胎和成体干细胞增殖与分化中作用的最新知识。
甲状腺激素受体是许多细胞类型增殖和分化的有效调节因子。这可以解释甲状腺激素及其受体在生长、发育、组织稳态或癌症等关键过程中的重要作用。本文是名为“甲状腺激素信号传导”的特刊的一部分。
