School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA.
J Fish Biol. 2012 Apr;80(5):2089-111. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03205.x. Epub 2012 Feb 7.
Two of the most commonly used elasmobranch experimental model species are the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and the little skate Leucoraja erinacea. Comparative biology and genomics with these species have provided useful information in physiology, pharmacology, toxicology, immunology, evolutionary developmental biology and genetics. A wealth of information has been obtained using in vitro approaches to study isolated cells and tissues from these organisms under circumstances in which the extracellular environment can be controlled. In addition to classical work with primary cell cultures, continuously proliferating cell lines have been derived recently, representing the first cell lines from cartilaginous fishes. These lines have proved to be valuable tools with which to explore functional genomic and biological questions and to test hypotheses at the molecular level. In genomic experiments, complementary (c)DNA libraries have been constructed, and c. 8000 unique transcripts identified, with over 3000 representing previously unknown gene sequences. A sub-set of messenger (m)RNAs has been detected for which the 3' untranslated regions show elements that are remarkably well conserved evolutionarily, representing novel, potentially regulatory gene sequences. The cell culture systems provide physiologically valid tools to study functional roles of these sequences and other aspects of elasmobranch molecular cell biology and physiology. Information derived from the use of in vitro cell cultures is valuable in revealing gene diversity and information for genomic sequence assembly, as well as for identification of new genes and molecular markers, construction of gene-array probes and acquisition of full-length cDNA sequences.
两种最常用的鲛类实验模型物种是棘鲨（Squalus acanthias）和小鳐鱼（Leucoraja erinacea）。对这些物种进行比较生物学和基因组学研究，为生理学、药理学、毒理学、免疫学、进化发育生物学和遗传学提供了有用的信息。通过体外方法研究这些生物的分离细胞和组织，可以获得大量信息，在这种情况下可以控制细胞外环境。除了对原代细胞培养的经典研究外，最近还衍生出了连续增殖的细胞系，这是软骨鱼类的第一批细胞系。这些细胞系已被证明是探索功能基因组和生物学问题以及在分子水平上检验假说的有价值的工具。在基因组实验中，构建了互补（c）DNA 文库，鉴定了 8000 个独特的转录本，其中 3000 多个代表以前未知的基因序列。检测到一组信使（m）RNAs，其 3'非翻译区显示出进化上非常保守的元件，代表新的、潜在的调节基因序列。细胞培养系统为研究这些序列和其他鲨鱼分子细胞生物学和生理学方面的功能作用提供了生理上有效的工具。从体外细胞培养中获得的信息对于揭示基因多样性和基因组序列组装信息、鉴定新基因和分子标记、构建基因芯片探针以及获得全长 cDNA 序列非常有价值。
