National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2012 May;115(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.004. Epub 2012 Apr 14.
Cerium oxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles improve the burning efficiency of fuel, however, little is known about health impacts of altered emissions from the vehicles.
Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice were exposed by inhalation to diluted exhaust (1.7 mg/m(3), 20, 60 or 180 min, 5 day/week, for 4 weeks), from an engine using standard diesel fuel (DE) or the same diesel fuel containing 9 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles (DCeE). Changes in hematological indices, clinical chemistry, atherosclerotic burden, tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines and pathology of the major organs were assessed.
Addition of CeO(2) to fuel resulted in a reduction of the number (30%) and surface area (10%) of the particles in the exhaust, whereas the gaseous co-pollutants were increased (6-8%). There was, however, a trend towards an increased size and complexity of the atherosclerotic plaques following DE exposure, which was not evident in the DCeE group. There were no clear signs of altered hematological or pathological changes induced by either treatment. However, levels of proinflammatory cytokines were modulated in a brain region and liver following DCeE exposure.
These results imply that addition of CeO(2) nanoparticles to fuel decreases the number of particles in exhaust and may reduce atherosclerotic burden associated with exposure to standard diesel fuel. From the extensive assessment of biological parameters performed, the only concerning effect of cerium addition was a slightly raised level of cytokines in a region of the central nervous system. Overall, the use of cerium as a fuel additive may be a potentially useful way to limit the health effects of vehicle exhaust. However, further testing is required to ensure that such an approach is not associated with a chronic inflammatory response which may eventually cause long-term health effects.
氧化铈（CeO（2））纳米粒子提高了燃料的燃烧效率，然而，对于车辆排放改变所带来的健康影响知之甚少。
载脂蛋白 E 基因敲除（ApoE（-/-））小鼠通过吸入经稀释的排气（1.7mg/m（3），20、60 或 180min，5 天/周，持续 4 周）进行暴露，排气来自使用标准柴油燃料（DE）或相同柴油燃料中添加 9ppm 氧化铈纳米粒子（DCeE）的发动机。评估血液学指标、临床化学、动脉粥样硬化负担、组织炎症细胞因子水平和主要器官的病理学变化。
在燃料中添加 CeO（2）可使排气中颗粒的数量（减少 30%）和表面积（减少 10%）减少，而气态共污染物则增加（增加 6-8%）。然而，与 DE 暴露相比，DE 暴露后动脉粥样硬化斑块的大小和复杂性呈增加趋势，而 DCeE 组则不明显。两种处理方式均未引起明显的血液学或病理学改变迹象。然而，DCeE 暴露后，大脑区域和肝脏中的促炎细胞因子水平发生了调节。
这些结果表明，在燃料中添加 CeO（2）纳米粒子可减少排气中的颗粒数量，并可能降低与标准柴油燃料暴露相关的动脉粥样硬化负担。通过对所进行的广泛生物参数评估，Ce 添加剂的唯一令人担忧的影响是中枢神经系统某个区域细胞因子水平略有升高。总体而言，将 Ce 用作燃料添加剂可能是限制车辆排气对健康影响的一种潜在有效方法。但是，需要进一步的测试来确保这种方法不会引起慢性炎症反应，从而最终导致长期的健康影响。
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