Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Jul;235:108120. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120. Epub 2022 Jan 24.
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
纳米科学领域的不断发展揭示了自然和人为纳米级颗粒的广泛多样性，引发了人们对其对人类健康影响的担忧。吸入是最主要的进入途径，纳米颗粒（NPs）逃避黏液纤毛清除并沉积在肺泡区域深处。然而，吸入的 NPs 对肺部以外的影响是明显的，特别是对心血管系统和高度血管化的器官，如大脑。外周效应部分可以通过一些 NPs 从肺部转移到循环中得到解释；然而，其他主要局限于肺部的 NPs 仍然伴随着全身效应。组学研究才刚刚开始揭示肺部作为肺病理学的副产品向血液中释放的复杂的大量分子。这些间接介质在分子组成和外周活性方面具有多样性。本综述检查了归因于肺部 NP 暴露的全身后果，以及已知的从肺部释放到循环中的间接病理介质。进一步的重点是大脑的结果，大脑是一个高度血管化的区域，容易受到急性和长期后果的影响。这里的研究结果支持需要进行大数据毒理学研究，以了解是什么驱动这些健康后果，并更好地预测、避免和治疗来自 NP 暴露情景的潜在健康影响。
