Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, UP, India.
J Environ Manage. 2012 Aug 30;105:103-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.002. Epub 2012 Apr 27.
The contamination of the environment with toxic metals has become a worldwide problem. Metal toxicity affects crop yields, soil biomass and fertility. Soils polluted with heavy metals pose a serious health hazard to humans as well as plants and animals, and often requires soil remediation practices. Phytoextraction refers to the uptake of contaminants from soil or water by plant roots and their translocation to any harvestable plant part. Phytoextraction has the potential to remove contaminants and promote long-term cleanup of soil or wastewater. The success of phytoextraction as a potential environmental cleanup technology depends on factors like metal availability for uptake, as well as plants ability to absorb and accumulate metals in aerial parts. Efforts are ongoing to understand the genetics and biochemistry of metal uptake, transport and storage in hyperaccumulator plants so as to be able to develop transgenic plants with improved phytoremediation capability. Many plant species are being investigated to determine their usefulness for phytoextraction, especially high biomass crops. The present review aims to give an updated version of information available with respect to metal tolerance and accumulation mechanisms in plants, as well as on the environmental and genetic factors affecting heavy metal uptake. The genetic tools of classical breeding and genetic engineering have opened the door to creation of 'remediation' cultivars. An overview is presented on the possible strategies for developing novel genotypes with increased metal accumulation and tolerance to toxicity.
环境中有毒金属的污染已成为全球性问题。金属毒性会影响作物产量、土壤生物量和肥力。受重金属污染的土壤对人类以及动植物都构成严重的健康危害，往往需要进行土壤修复实践。植物提取是指植物根系从土壤或水中吸收污染物，并将其转移到任何可收获的植物部分。植物提取具有去除污染物和促进土壤或废水长期清理的潜力。植物提取作为一种潜在的环境清理技术的成功与否取决于多种因素，例如金属的可利用性、植物吸收和积累空气中金属的能力。目前正在努力了解超积累植物中金属吸收、运输和储存的遗传学和生物化学，以便能够开发具有改良植物修复能力的转基因植物。正在研究许多植物物种，以确定它们在植物提取方面的有用性，特别是高生物质作物。本综述旨在提供有关植物金属耐受性和积累机制以及影响重金属吸收的环境和遗传因素的最新信息。经典育种和遗传工程的遗传工具为创建“修复”品种开辟了道路。本文概述了开发具有增加金属积累和耐毒性能力的新型基因型的可能策略。
