Berger A, Bargmann H J
Clinic of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Hannover, Medical School, Federal Republic of Germany.
World J Surg. 1990 Nov-Dec;14(6):748-56. doi: 10.1007/BF01670521.
The attempt to achieve symmetrical harmonious facial expression represents a complex surgical challenge, necessitating an individualized approach. Clinical investigations and laboratory experiments have demonstrated how to better reconstruct a "smile." In long-standing deformities, ipsilateral or crossfacial nerve grafting followed by functional muscle transfer in a 2-stage procedure seems to give the most acceptable results; however, hypoglossal-facial anastomosis and dynamic muscle techniques such as temporal muscle transposition and others can result in adequate functional reconstruction. The development of these techniques with special emphasis on those made during the last 10 years is discussed and compared with our own experiences.
实现对称和谐的面部表情是一项复杂的外科挑战，需要个性化的方法。临床研究和实验室实验已经展示了如何更好地重建“微笑”。对于长期存在的畸形，在两阶段手术中先进行同侧或跨面神经移植，然后进行功能性肌肉转移，似乎能取得最令人满意的效果；然而，舌下-面神经吻合术以及颞肌转位等动态肌肉技术也能实现足够的功能重建。本文讨论了这些技术的发展，特别强调了过去十年中的技术发展，并与我们自己的经验进行了比较。
