Minimally invasive abdominal and thoracic surgery: techniques.

Laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, and other endoscopic-assisted procedures have many uses in veterinary medicine. Diagnosis and biopsy are currently the most common uses of minimally invasive techniques, but popularity for procedures such as ovariectomy, cancer staging, lung lobectomy, and pericardectomy is rising. This article touches on basic surgical procedures and describes some more advanced techniques.